The PostgreSQL Global Development Group announces that the first beta release of
PostgreSQL 18 is now available for download.
This release contains previews of all features when PostgreSQL 18 is made
generally available, though some details of the release can change during the
beta period.
You can find information about all of the PostgreSQL 18 features and changes in
the release notes:
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/release-18.html
In the spirit of the open source PostgreSQL community, we strongly encourage you
to test the new features of PostgreSQL 18 on your systems to help us eliminate
bugs and other issues. While we do not advise you to run PostgreSQL 18 Beta 1 in
production environments, we encourage you to find ways to run your typical
application workloads against this beta release.
Your testing and feedback helps the community ensure that PostgreSQL 18
upholds our standards of delivering a stable, reliable release of the
world's most advanced open source relational database. Please read more about
our beta testing process and how
you can contribute:
https://www.postgresql.org/developer/beta/
PostgreSQL 18 Feature Highlights
Below are some of the feature highlights that are planned for PostgreSQL 18.
This list is not exhaustive; for the full list of planned features, please see
the release notes.
Performance
PostgreSQL 18 introduces an asynchronous I/O (AIO) subsystem. This new
subsystem allows to increase I/O throughput and to hide I/O latency. On Linux
io_uring can be used for AIO, a worker based implementation is available on
all platforms. This initial release supporting file system reads such as
sequential scans, bitmap heap scans, and vacuums, with tests showing up to a
2-3x performance improvements.
These performance gains extend to query optimizations and new indexing features. PostgreSQL 18 adds support for using "skip scan" lookups on multicolumn B-tree indexes, which can result in faster execution times for queries that omit a "=" condition on one or more prefix index columns. This release also includes optimizations for WHERE clauses that contain OR and IN (...) statements to better utilize recent indexing improvements which can also result in better query performance. There are also numerous performance improvements for how PostgreSQL plans and executes table joins, from improving the overall performance of hash joins to allowing merge joins to use incremental sorts.
There are a variety of other PostgreSQL 18 features that improve performance for other query and maintenance operations. PostgreSQL 18 now supports parallel builds for GIN indexes, which are commonly used for search over JSON and full-text data. This release also allows you to define partition keys and materialized views with unique indexes which aren't B-trees. PostgreSQL 18 also improves overall locking performance for queries that access many relations, and adds several improvements to queries over partitioned tables, including improved pruning and join support. PostgreSQL 18 also has performance improvements in text processing, including general speedups to the upper/lower functions and a new built-in collation PG_UNICODE_FAST.
Major version upgrade experience
Before PostgreSQL 18, an important step after performing a major version upgrade was to run the ANALYZE to generate statistics, which is a critical component of helping PostgreSQL to select the most efficient query plan. Based on the size and overall activity of a PostgreSQL cluster, this could be a time consuming process, and potentially impact query performance until the process completed. PostgreSQL 18 introduces the ability to keep planner statistics through a major version upgrade, which helps an upgraded cluster to get to its expected performance state sooner once it's available.
Additionally, pg_upgrade, the utility used to facilitate a major version upgrade, added several performance enhancements to help accelerate upgrades with many objects, such as tables and sequences. This release also allows pg_upgrade to process its checks in parallel based on the settings of the --jobs flag, and also adds the --swap flag, which swaps upgrade directories instead of copying, cloning, or linking files.
Developer Experience
PostgreSQL 18 introduces virtual generated columns that compute the column values just-in-time during query execution, instead of having to store them. This is now the default option for generated columns. Additionally, stored generated columns can now be logically replicated.
This release adds the capability to access both the previous (OLD) and current (NEW) values in the RETURNING clause for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and MERGE commands. Additionally, PostgreSQL 18 adds support for UUIDv7 generation through the uuidv7() function, letting you generate random UUIDs that are timestamp-ordered to support better caching strategies (this release also adds uuidv4() as an alias for gen_rand_uuid).
Now in PostgreSQL 18, you can make LIKE comparisons over text that uses a nondeterministic collation, making it simpler to do more complex pattern matching. Additionally, this release introduces the CASEFOLD to help with case-insensitive matches.
This release also adds temporal constraints, or constraints over ranges, for both PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE constraints using the WITHOUT OVERLAPS clause, and on FOREIGN KEY constraints using the PERIOD clause.
Security Features
PostgreSQL 18 introduces oauth authentication, which lets users authenticate using OAuth 2.0 mechanisms supported through PostgreSQL extensions. Additionally, PostgreSQL 18 adds several features to validate and enforce FIPS mode behavior, and also adds the ssl_tls13_ciphers to let users configure which TLS v1.3 cipher suites the server can use.
This release deprecates md5 password authentication in favor of using SCRAM authentication that was first added in PostgreSQL 10. md5 authentication will be fully removed in a future major version release. Additionally, PostgreSQL 18 adds support for SCRAM passthrough authentication with both postgres_fdw and dblink when authenticating to remote PostgreSQL instances.
Monitoring and Observability
PostgreSQL 18 adds more details to the EXPLAIN utility, which provides information about query plan execution, and as of this release now automatically shows how many buffers (the fundamental unit of data storage) are accessed when executing EXPLAIN ANALYZE. Additionally, EXPLAIN ANALYZE now shows how many index lookups occur during an index scan, and EXPLAIN ANALYZE VERBOSE includes CPU, WAL, and average read statistics. This release also includes information about the total amount of time spent vacuuming and analyzing a table in pg_stat_all_tables, and now shows per-connection statistics on I/O and WAL utilization.
PostgreSQL 18 also provides more insights into write conflicts that occur during logical replication, and surfaces this information both in logs and in the pg_stat_subscription_stats view.
Other Highlights
Starting with PostgreSQL 18, data checksums, which are used to validate the integrity of stored data, are now enabled by default on new PostgreSQL clusters. You can choose to disable this behavior using the initdb --no-data-checksums command. Note that this may require changes to your upgrade scripts.
Additionally, there are new behaviors available in several constraint features.
First, both foreign key and check constraints can be set as NOT ENFORCED and
conversely, made enforceable. Additionally, NOT NULL constraints now preserve
their names as required by the SQL standard, support the NOT VALID and
NO INHERIT clauses, and now behave more consistently with inheritance.
pg_createsubscriber now supports an --all flag so you can create logical replicas for all databases in an instance with a single command. Additionally, PostgreSQL 18 lets you create the schema definition of a foreign table using the definition of a local table using the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ... LIKE command.
PostgreSQL 18 also introduces a new version (3.2) of the PostgreSQL wire protocol, which is the first new protocol version since PostgreSQL 7.4 (2003). libpq still uses version 3.0 by default while clients (e.g., drivers, poolers, proxies) add support for the new protocol version.
Additional Features
Many other new features and improvements have been added to PostgreSQL 18. Many
of these may also be helpful for your use cases. Please see the
release notes for a
complete list of new and changed features:
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/18/release-18.html
Testing for Bugs & Compatibility
The stability of each PostgreSQL release greatly depends on you, the community,
to test the upcoming version with your workloads and testing tools to find bugs
and regressions before the general availability of PostgreSQL 18. As this is a
Beta, minor changes to database behaviors, feature details, and APIs are still
possible. Your feedback and testing will help determine the final tweaks on the
new features, so please test in the near future. The quality of user testing
helps determine when we can make a final release.
A list of open issues
is publicly available in the PostgreSQL wiki. You can
report bugs using this form on
the PostgreSQL website:
https://www.postgresql.org/account/submitbug/
Beta Schedule
This is the first beta release of version 18. The PostgreSQL Project will
release additional betas as required for testing, followed by one or more
release candidates, until the final release around September/October 2025. For further
information please see the Beta Testing
page.
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